{"id":858,"date":"2016-07-29T09:09:19","date_gmt":"2016-07-29T09:09:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/steer.com\/?page_id=858"},"modified":"2026-07-16T21:31:28","modified_gmt":"2026-07-16T21:31:28","slug":"fracking","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/txogamsn.txoga.org\/steer\/fracking\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Fracking?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"858\" class=\"elementor elementor-858\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a1ed0a elementor-section-height-min-height rey-section-bg--classic elementor-section-items-bottom elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4a1ed0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;3505ae4&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_laptop&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_laptop&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_laptop&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_laptop&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}],&quot;background_motion_fx_motion_fx_scrolling&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_translateY_effect&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;background_motion_fx_translateY_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:1.6,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;background_motion_fx_devices&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;laptop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;mobile&quot;],&quot;background_motion_fx_translateY_affectedRange&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:{&quot;start&quot;:0,&quot;end&quot;:100}}}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-39972c7\" data-id=\"39972c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap--39972c7 elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cebe3a elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cebe3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eagle Ford Shale<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51dd316 elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51dd316\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is Fracking?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2a5ce3\" data-id=\"a2a5ce3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap--a2a5ce3 elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"e-con-top elementor-element elementor-element-4f5c29c e-ecs-flex e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4f5c29c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;ecs_container_type&quot;:&quot;flex&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a7e8ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3a7e8ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c37d55a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c37d55a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fracking Is &#8230;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a741c02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-feature-list\" data-id=\"a741c02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-feature-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"-icon-position-left -tablet-icon-position-left -mobile-icon-position-left\">\n\t\t\t<ul id=\"eael-feature-list-a741c02\" class=\"eael-feature-list-items circle stacked  eael-feature-list-vertical\" data-layout-tablet=\"vertical\" data-layout-mobile=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t                <li class=\"eael-feature-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0f2f21b\">\n                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-inner\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-feature-list-icon fl-icon-0\">\n\n\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-content-box\">\n                            <h2 class=\"eael-feature-list-title\">Injection Process<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"eael-feature-list-content\">A process during the drilling and completion phase of a well where we inject water, sand and chemicals deep into the ground to crack rock formations long known to hold oil and natural gas.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t                <li class=\"eael-feature-list-item elementor-repeater-item-46f560b\">\n                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-inner\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-feature-list-icon fl-icon-1\">\n\n\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-content-box\">\n                            <h2 class=\"eael-feature-list-title\">Technology Improved<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"eael-feature-list-content\">A technology that has been repeated and perfected over 1 million times over the past 80 years.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t                <li class=\"eael-feature-list-item elementor-repeater-item-0a9e7a0\">\n                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-inner\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-feature-list-icon fl-icon-2\">\n\n\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-content-box\">\n                            <h2 class=\"eael-feature-list-title\">EPA Safe<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"eael-feature-list-content\">Deemed safe by the EPA after a landmark, comprehensive study found that fracking does not lead to widespread water contamination.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t                <li class=\"eael-feature-list-item elementor-repeater-item-e578e42\">\n                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-inner\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-feature-list-icon fl-icon-3\">\n\n\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-content-box\">\n                            <h2 class=\"eael-feature-list-title\">Economic Positive<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"eael-feature-list-content\">Provides substantial economic impact to cities and areas of development, providing opportunities for direct and indirect employment opportunities.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t                <li class=\"eael-feature-list-item elementor-repeater-item-f29f638\">\n                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-icon-inner\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"eael-feature-list-icon fl-icon-4\">\n\n\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"eael-feature-list-content-box\">\n                            <h2 class=\"eael-feature-list-title\">Less Surface Use<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"eael-feature-list-content\">Allows for companies to use less surface area to produce the same amount, if not more oil and natural gas. That means more land to use for cattle, crop or hunting.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69107f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69107f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIn their video below, Marathon sheds light on a very complex topic: hydraulic fracturing.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cbcfbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"6cbcfbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/VY34PQUiwOQ&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-081aeee elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"081aeee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d79f359 elementor-section-content-middle rey-section-bg--classic elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d79f359\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;372e875&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_laptop&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_laptop&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_laptop&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_laptop&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_tablet&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_image_mobile&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_speed&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;%&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:50,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;jet_parallax_layout_type&quot;:&quot;scroll&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_direction&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_fx_direction&quot;:null,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_z_index&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_x_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y&quot;:50,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_y_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size&quot;:&quot;auto&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_tablet&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_bg_size_mobile&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_animation_prop&quot;:&quot;transform&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_on&quot;:[&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;tablet&quot;]}],&quot;shape_divider_top&quot;:&quot;arrow&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-top\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 700 10\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M350,10L340,0h20L350,10z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ecc55c\" data-id=\"7ecc55c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap--7ecc55c elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddf9e69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ddf9e69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Eagle Ford Shale What is Fracking? Fracking Is &#8230; Injection Process A process during the drilling and completion phase of a well where we inject water, sand and chemicals deep into the ground to crack rock formations long known to hold oil and natural gas. Technology Improved A technology that has been repeated and perfected [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"h5ap_radio_sources":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-858","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>What is Fracking? - South Texas Energy &amp; Economic Roundtable<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/txogamsn.txoga.org\/steer\/fracking\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is Fracking? - South Texas Energy &amp; Economic Roundtable\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Eagle Ford Shale What is Fracking? Fracking Is &#8230; Injection Process A process during the drilling and completion phase of a well where we inject water, sand and chemicals deep into the ground to crack rock formations long known to hold oil and natural gas. 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